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Journal Issue: Preventing Child Maltreatment Volume 19 Number 2 Fall 2009

The Prevention of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: David Finkelhor

Endnotes

  1. John Q. La Fond, Preventing Sexual Violence: How Society Should Cope with Sex Offenders (Washington: American Psychological Association, 2005).
  2. Tracy Velazquez, The Pursuit of Safety: Sex Offender Policy in the United States (New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2008).
  3. Wendy Koch, Sex-Offender Residency Laws Get Second Look (New York: USA Today, 2007).
  4. Harriet L. MacMillan and others, “Primary Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: A Critical Review. Part II,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35, no. 5 (1994): 857–76; Sandy K. Wurtele, Cindy L. Miller-Perrin, and Gary B. Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse: Sharing the Responsibility (University of Nebraska Press, 1993).
  5. K. J. Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse,” Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews 2 (2007): 1–44.
  6. Rebecca M. Bolen and M. Scannapieco, “Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse: A Corrective Meta-Analysis,” Social Service Review 73, no. 3 (1999): 281–313.
  7. WHO Collaborating Centre for Evidence and Health Policy in Mental Health, Comparative Risk Assessment: Child Sexual Abuse (Sydney, Australia: St. Vincent’s Hospital, 2001), pp. 1–121.
  8. Emily Douglas and David Finkelhor, “Childhood Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet” (www.unh.edu/ccrc/factsheet/pdf/CSA-FS20.pdf [accessed June 6, 2006]).
  9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Child Maltreatment 2006 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008).
  10. David Finkelhor, “Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse,” Future of Children 4, no. 2 (1994): 31–53.
  11. Elizabeth O. Paolucci, Mark L. Genuis, and Claudio Violato, “A Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Psychology (January 2001). A prospective study follows children who have been identified as being sexually abused to learn what happens as they develop.
  12. Stephen W. Smallbone, William L. Marshall, and Richard K. Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse: Evidence, Policy, and Practice (Portland, Ore.: Willan Publishing, 2008); Stephen W. Smallbone and Richard K. Wortley, “Onset, Persistence and Versatility of Offending among Adult Males Convicted of Sexual Offenses against Children,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 16, no. 4 (2004): 285–98.
  13. Velazquez, The Pursuit of Safety (see note 2).
  14. Rebecca M. Bolen, Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001).
  15. Howard N. Snyder, “Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender Characteristics” (Washington: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000), pp. 1–17.
  16. Ibid.
  17. John A. Hunter, Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Program (Oxford University Press, 2009).
  18. Gene Abel and Nora Harlow, The Stop Child Molestation Book: What Ordinary People Can Do in Their Everyday Lives to Save Three Million Children (New York: Xlibris Corporation, 2001).
  19. Snyder, “Sexual Assault of Young Children” (see note 15).
  20. Kenneth V. Lanning, “A Law Enforcement Perspective on the Compliant Child Victim,” APSAC Advisor (Special Issue): The Compliant Child Victim 14, no. 2 (2002): 4–9.
  21. Denise Hines and David Finkelhor, “Statutory Sex Crime Relationships between Juveniles and Adults: A Review of Social Scientific Research,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 12 (2007): 300–14.
  22. Robert Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State: Has Community Notification Reduced Recidivism Rates?” (Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2005), pp. 1–4.
  23. A. Harris and R. Karl Hanson, Sex Offender Recidivism: A Simple Question (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Safety Canada, 2004).
  24. Tali Klima and Roxanne Lieb, Risk Assessment Instruments to Predict Recidivism of Sex Offenders: Practices in Washington State (Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2008), pp. 1–12; Jami Krueger, “Sex Offender Populations, Recidivism and Actuarial Assessment” (New York: New York State Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, 2007), pp. 1–14.
  25. J. J. Prescott and Jonah E. Rockoff, “Do Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws Affect Criminal Behavior?” (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Columbia University, 2008).
  26. Bob E. Vasquez, Sean Maddan, and Jeffery T. Walker, “The Influence of Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws in the United States,” Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 2 (2008): 175–92.
  27. Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State” (see note 22).
  28. Geneva Adkins, David Huff, and Paul Stageberg, “The Iowa Sex Offender Registry and Recidivism” (Iowa: Department of Human Rights, Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning and Statistical Analysis Center, 2000), pp. 1–37.
  29. Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State” (see note 22).
  30. Grant Duwe and William Donnay, “The Impact of Megan’s Law on Sex Offender Recidivism: The Minnesota Experience,” Criminology 46, no. 2 (2008): 411–46.
  31. Richard G. Zevitz, “Sex Offender Notification: Assessing the Impact in Wisconsin” (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 2000).
  32. Kristen Zgoba and others, “Megan’s Law: Assessing the Practical and Monetary Efficacy” (Trenton, N.J.: Office of Policy and Planning, New Jersey Department of Corrections, 2008), pp. 1–44.
  33. Klima and Lieb, Risk Assessment Instruments to Predict Recidivism of Sex Offenders (see note 24).
  34. Zevitz, “Sex Offender Notification” (see note 31); Richard G. Zevitz and Mary Ann Farkas, “The Impact of Sex Offender Community Notification on Probation/Parole in Wisconsin,” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44, no. 1 (2000): 8–21.
  35. Richard Tewksbury, “Collateral Consequences of Sex Offender Registration,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 21, no. 1 (2005): 67–81.
  36. Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State” (see note 22); Duwe and Donnay, “The Impact of Megan’s Law on Sex Offender Recidivism” (see note 30).
  37. ChoicePoint, The Importance of Background Screening for Nonprofits: An Updated Briefing (Alpharetta, Georgia: ChoicePoint, 2008).
  38. M. Meloy, M. Miller, and C. Kurtis, “Making Sense out of Nonsense: The Deconstruction of State-Level Sex Offender Residence,” American Journal of Criminal Justice 33, no. 2 (2008).
  39. Duwe and Donnay, “The Impact of Megan’s Law on Sex Offender Recidivism” (see note 30); Jill S. Levenson, “Residence Restrictions and Their Impact on Sex Offender Reintegration, Rehabilitation, and Recidivism,” ATSA Forum XVIII, no. 2 (2007): 1–12.
  40. Russell Loving, Jennie K. Singer, and Mary Maguire, “Homelessness among Registered Sex Offenders in California: The Numbers, the Risks and the Response” (Sacramento, Calif.: California Sex Offender Management Board, California State University, 2008), pp. 1–44.
  41. John E. Conklin, Why Crime Rates Fell, edited by Jennifer Jacobson (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003); Stephen D. Levitt, “Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors That Explain the Decline and Six That Do Not,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (2004): 163–90; Doris MacKenzie, “Criminal Justice and Crime Prevention,” in Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising, edited by Lawrence W. Sherman and others (Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1997); Richard Rosenfeld, “The Case of the Unsolved Crime Decline,” Scientific American 290, no. 2 (2004): 82–89; William Spelman and Dale K. Brown, Calling the Police: A Replication of the Citizen Reporting Component of the Kansas City Response to Time Analysis (Washington: Police Executive Research Forum, 1981).
  42. D. Weisburd, Lawrence W. Sherman, and A. J. Petrosino, “Registry of Randomized Criminal Justice Experiments in Sanctions” (unpublished report, Rutgers University, University of Maryland, and Crime Control Institute, 1990).
  43. Sherman and others, eds., Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t, What’s Promising (see note 41).
  44. Lawrence W. Sherman, “Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction,” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30 (1993): 445–73.
  45. Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 12).
  46. H. G. Grasmick and G. J. Bryjak, “The Deterrent Effect of Perceived Severity of Punishment,” Social Forces 59, no. 2 (1980): 471–91.
  47. J. K. Marques, “Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on Sexual Recidivism: Final Results from California’s Sex Offender Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP),” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 17, no. 1 (2005): 79–107.
  48. R. Karl Hanson and others, “First Report of the Collaborative Outcome Data Project on the Effectiveness of Psychological Treatment for Sexual Offenders,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 14, no. 2 (2002): 169–94; Friedrich Losel and Martin Schmucher, “The Effectiveness of Treatment for Sexual Offenders: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Experimental Criminology 1, no. 1 (2005): 117–46.
  49. A. Damashek and others, “Evidence-Based Treatment Models for Child Abuse and Neglect: Reviews Drawn from the California Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare,” in Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology, edited by M. Hersen and P. Sturmey, in review.
  50. Ibid.
  51. Ibid.
  52. R. J. Wilson, J. E. Picheca, and M. Prinzo, Circles of Support and Accountability: An Evaluation of the Pilot Project in South-Central Ontario (Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2005), pp. 1–40.
  53. Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 12).
  54. Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 4).
  55. Committee for Children, “Talking about Touching: Overview—A Personal Safety Curriculum” (www.cfchildren.org/programs/tat/overview [accessed January 6, 2009]).
  56. International Center for Assault Prevention (ICAP), “ICAP Website” (www.internationalcap.org/home_aboutcap.html [accessed January 6, 2009]).
  57. J. Berrick and Richard Barth, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Training: What Do They Learn?” Child Abuse & Neglect 12 (1992): 543–53; M. K. Davis and C. A. Gidycz, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Clinical and Child Psychology 29, no. 2 (2000): 257–65; David Finkelhor and Nancy Strapko, “Sexual Abuse Prevention Education: A Review of Evaluation Studies,” in Child Abuse Prevention, edited by D. Willis, E. Holden, and M. Rosenberg (New York: Wiley, 1992), pp. 150–67; Jan Rispens, Andre Aleman, and Paul P. Goudena, “Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse Victimization: A Meta-Analysis of School Programs,” Child Abuse & Neglect 21, no. 10 (1997): 975–87; Deirdre MacIntyre and Alan Carr, “Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse: Implications of Program Evaluation Research,” Child Abuse Review 9 (2000): 183–99; Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse,” (see note 5); Martine Hebert and Marc Tourigny, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: A Review of Evaluative Studies and Recommendations for Program Development,” Advances in Psychology Research 29 (2004): 123–55.
  58. Davis and Gidycz, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs” (see note 57).
  59. Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse” (see note 5).
  60. Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 4); Sandy K. Wurtele and others, “Comparison of Programs for Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Preschoolers,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57, no. 4 (1989): 505–11; A. Hazzard and others, “Predicting Symptomatology and Self-Blame among Child Sex Abuse Victims,” Child Abuse & Neglect 19, no. 6 (1995): 707–14; R. Ratto and G. A. Bogat, “An Evaluation of a Preschool Curriculum to Educate Children in the Prevention of Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Community Psychology 18 (1990): 289–97.
  61. R. Binder and D. McNiel, “Evaluation of a School-Based Sexual Prevention Program: Cognitive and Emotional Effects,” Child Abuse & Neglect 11, no. 4 (1987): 497–506; David Finkelhor and Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman, “Victimization Prevention Programs: A National Survey of Children’s Exposure and Reactions,” Child Abuse & Neglect 19, no. 2 (1995): 129–39; Wurtele and others, “Comparison of Programs for Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Preschoolers” (see note 60); Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 4); Ann Hazzard and others, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Evaluation and One-Year Follow-Up,” Child Abuse & Neglect 15 (1991): 123–38; D. Nibert, S. Cooper, and J. Ford, “Parents’ Observations of the Effect of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Program on Preschool Children,” Child Welfare 68 (1989): 539–46; H. L. Swan, A. N. Press, and S. L. Briggs, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Does It Work?” Child Welfare 64 (1985): 395–405; Sandy K. Wurtele, “The Role of Maintaining Telephone Contact with Parents during the Teaching of a Personal Safety Program,” Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 2 (1993): 65–82; Sandy K. Wurtele, “Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Four-Year-Old Children: A Behavioral Approach,” Behavior Therapy 21 (1990): 25–32; Sandy K. Wurtele and others, “A Comparison of Teachers vs. Parents as Instructors of a Personal Safety Program for Preschoolers,” Child Abuse & Neglect 16 (1992): 127–37.
  62. David Finkelhor, Nancy Asdigian, and Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman, “The Effectiveness of Victimization Prevention Instruction: An Evaluation of Children’s Responses to Actual Threats and Assaults,” Child Abuse & Neglect 19, no. 2 (1995): 137–49; Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 4); Binder and McNiel, “Evaluation of a School-Based Sexual Prevention Program” (see note 61); David Kolko and others, “Promoting Awareness and Prevention of Child Sexual Victimization Using the Red Flag/Green Flag Program: An Evaluation with Follow-Up,” Journal of Family Violence 2, no. 1 (1987): 11–35; Wurtele and others, “Comparison of Programs for Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Preschoolers” (see note 60); Hazzard and others, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention” (see note 61); Wurtele, “Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Four-Year-Old Children” (see note 61).
  63. E. J. Blumberg and others, “The Touch Discrimination Component of Sexual Abuse Prevention Training: Unanticipated Positive Consequences,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6 (1991): 12–28; Wurtele, “The Role of Maintaining Telephone Contact with Parents” (see note 61).
  64. Sandy K. Wurtele, L. C. Kast, and A. M. Melzer, “Sexual Abuse Prevention Education for Young Children: A Comparison of Teachers and Parents as Instructors,” Child Abuse & Neglect 16 (1992): 865–76; Sandy K. Wurtele, “Enhancing Children’s Sexual Development through Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs,” Journal of Sex Education & Therapy 19 (1993): 37–46.
  65. L. E. Gibson and H. Leitenberg, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Do They Decrease the Occurrence of Child Sexual Abuse?” Child Abuse & Neglect 24, no. 9 (2000): 1115–25.
  66. Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 12).
  67. Keith Kaufman and others, “New Directions for Prevention: Reconceptualizing Child Sexual Abuse as a Public Health Concern,” in Preventing Violence in Relationships: Developmentally Appropriate Intervention across the Life Span, edited by P. A. Schewe (Washington: APA Books, 2002), pp. 27–54.
  68. Kenneth V. Lanning, Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis (Alexandria, Va.: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, 2001), pp. 1–160.
  69. Gibson and Leitenberg, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs” (see note 65).
  70. Ibid.
  71. David Finkelhor, Nancy Asdigian, and Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman, “The Effectiveness of Victimization Prevention Programs for Children: A Follow-Up,” American Journal of Public Health 85, no. 12 (1995): 1684–89.
  72. J. A. Durlak, School-Based Prevention Programs for Children and Adolescents (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1995).
  73. D. C. Grossman and others, “Effectiveness of a Violence Prevention Curriculum among Children in Elementary School: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 277 (1997): 1605–11.
  74. John R. Weisz and others, “Promoting and Protecting Youth Mental Health through Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment,” American Psychologist 60, no. 6 (2005): 628–48.
  75. Finkelhor, Asdigian, and Dziuba-Leatherman, “The Effectiveness of Victimization Prevention Programs for Children: A Follow-Up” (see note 71); Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse” (see note 5).
  76. Finkelhor, Asdigian, and Dziuba-Leatherman, “The Effectiveness of Victimization Prevention Programs for Children: A Follow-Up” (see note 71).
  77. B. Andrews, “Bodily Shame as a Mediator between Abusive Experiences and Depression,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, no. 2 (1995): 277–85.
  78. Denise Hines and David Finkelhor, “Statutory Sex Crime Relationships between Juveniles and Adults: A Review of Social Scientific Research,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 12 (2007): 300–14.
  79. Janis Wolak and others, “Online ‘Predators’ and Their Victims: Myths, Realities and Implications for Prevention and Treatment,” American Psychologist 63, no. 2 (2008): 111–28; John Palfrey and others, “Enhancing Child Safety and Online Technologies: Final Report of the Internet Safety Technical Task Force to the Multi-State Working Group on Social Networking of United States Attorneys General” (Cambridge, Mass.: Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University, 2008), pp. 1–278; Kaveri Subrahmanyam and Patricia Greenfield, “Online Communication and Adolescent Relationships,” Future of Children 18, no. 1 (2008): 119–46.
  80. Lisa Chasan-Taber and Joan Tabachnick, “Evaluation of a Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment 11, no. 4 (1999): 279–92.
  81. Stop It Now! “The Campaign to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse” (www.stopitnow.org/about.html); Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 12).
  82. Victoria L. Banyard, Mary M. Moynihan, and Elizabeth G. Plante, “Sexual Violence Prevention through Bystander Education: An Experimental Evaluation,” Journal of Community Psychology 35 (2007): 463–81; J. Foubert, Joan Tabachnick, and Paul Schewe, “Encouraging Bystander Intervention for Sexual Violence Prevention” (unpublished manuscript, 2006).
  83. M. S. Tisak and J. Tisak, “Expectations and Judgments Regarding Bystanders’ and Victims’ Responses to Peer Aggression among Early Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescence 19 (1996): 383–92; Helen Cowie and N. Hutson, “Peer Support: A Strategy to Help Bystanders Challenge School Bullying,” Special Issue: Pastoral Care in Education 23, no. 2 (2005): 40–44.
  84. Lisa M. Jones and others, “Do Children’s Advocacy Centers Improve Families’ Experiences of Child Sexual Abuse Investigations?” Child Abuse & Neglect 31 (2007): 1069–85; Lisa M. Jones and David Finkelhor, “Protecting Victims’ Identities in Press Coverage of Child Victimization,” Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism (in press).
  85. Judith A. Cohen and others, “A Multi-Site, Randomized Controlled Trial for Children with Sexual Abuse-Related PTSD Symptoms,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (2004): 393–402.
  86. Jones and others, “Do Children’s Advocacy Centers Improve Families’ Experiences of Child Sexual Abuse Investigations?” (see note 84).
  87. Kathleen Kendall-Tackett, Linda M. Williams, and David Finkelhor, “Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 113 (1993): 164–80.
  88. Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 12).
  89. J. Saul and N. C. Audage, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse within Youth-Serving Organizations: Getting Started on Policies and Procedures (Atlanta, Ga.: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2007).
  90. Karen Franklin, “Will ‘Revolutionary’ Diana Screen End Pedophile Menace?” (Online blog, cited 2/17/2009); available from: http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.com/2008/12/will-revolutionary-diana-screen-end.html.
  91. David Finkelhor, Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People (Oxford University Press, 2008).
  92. David Finkelhor and Lisa M. Jones, Explanations for the Decline in Child Sexual Abuse Cases (Washington: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2004).
  93. Ibid.
  94. Finkelhor, Childhood Victimization (see note 91); David Finkelhor and Lisa M. Jones. “Why Have Child Maltreatment and Child Victimization Declined?” Journal of Social Issues 62, no. 4 (2006): 685–716.
  95. State Institute for Public Policy, “Homepage” (www.wsipp.wa.gov/topic.asp?cat=10&subcat=55&dteSlct=0).
  96. Public Safety Canada, “Homepage” (www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/cor/corre-eng.aspx).
  97. The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, “Homepage” (www.nctsnet.org/nccts/nav.do?pid=hom_main).
  98. Catholic Medical Association Task Force, To Prevent and to Protect: Report of the Task Force of the Catholic Medical Association on the Sexual Abuse of Children and Its Prevention (Catholic Medical Association, 2006), pp. 1–58.